- Cover Page
- Introduction ...
Background Information
o
Characteristics/Properties/Applications
o
Fossil Fuel?
3. Experimental Data …
-Presentation of results
-Statistical Analysis (Accuracy and Precision)
4. Discussion …
-Refer to key properties selected
-Comparison
of result with references
-
Problems & Solutions in testing
o
Environmental Impact of
Fossil fuels
o
Alternatives
5. Conclusion …
- Identification of Unknown sample
- Justification for selection
6. Bibliography …
i.
Introduction:
Fossil fuels are hydrocarbons, primarily coal, fuel oil or
natural gas, formed from the remains of dead plants and animals. It’s also the
main source of energy that we are using nowadays for public transportation,
powering plants and so many different things that being used now. (Fossil Fuel,
Science daily)
One part
of the fossil fuel is Petroleum products; Jet fuel, Gas oil, Transformer oil,
Turbine oil and Gear oil.
·
Jet fuel is used to power airplanes and it should be tested and improved to
handle very low temperature and low pressure due to high altitude. (Types of
Jet Fuel)
·
Gas oil a fuel oil obtained in the distillation of petroleum, intermediate
in viscosity and boiling point between paraffin and lubricating oils used for
atomizing burners for domestic and industrial use. (Gas oil)
·
Transformer oil is blended with highly refined mineral
base oil and well-chosen anti-oxidizer it is suitable for insulation and
cooling for transformer, oil immersed switch and other insulation device of
electrical appliances. (Transformer Insulating Oil and Types of
Transformer Oil | Electrical Engineering.)
·
Turbine oil is a premium quality circulating oil made from
highly refined paraffin base stocks and additives is highly recommended for use
in gas turbine. (Turbine oil, 2006)
·
Gear oil is a lubricant made specifically for transmissions, transfer
cases, and differentials in automobiles, trucks, and other machinery. It is of
a higher viscosity to better protect the gears and usually is associated with a
strong sulfur smell. (Gear oil – Wikipedia,2013)
ii.
Experimental-Data:
-
Different types of tests were done to be able
to determine which unknown we have. Source: American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM):
a) Physical appearance: Color, thickness and clearness of the sample.
b)
Cloud
point: the temperature at which dissolved solids in the
oil, such as paraffin wax, begin to form and separate from the oil.
d)
Flash point:
The flash point of a volatile material is
the lowest temperature at which it can vaporize to form
an ignitable mixture in air.
e)
Refractive
index: measure of
the bending
of a ray of light when passing from one medium into another.(look at Figure 1)
f) Viscosity:
an internal property of a fluid that
offers resistance to flow. (Look at Figure 2)
g) Total Acid Number (TAN): an analytical
test to determine the deterioration of lubricants. (Look at Figure 3)
Presentation of results:
Type of test
|
Result
|
comments
|
Physical appearance
|
Clear and colorless
|
|
API gravity
|
48.9o
|
SG= 0.784
|
viscosity
|
@40oC 1.6 cSt
@100oC 1.1 cSt
|
Low viscosity and very fast to time it
|
Flash point
|
46oC
|
Room: 669mmHg, 23oC
|
Pour point
|
N/A
|
The test was made on a temperature of -34oC
|
Cloud point
|
N/A
|
The test was made on a temperature of
-34oC
|
Refractive index
|
1.4423
|
@21.5oC reference is 1.3603
|
Total acid number
|
0.22 mg/g
|
Standard deviation and precision of viscosity:
S= 
%Sr = 
X 100%
X 100%
Calculating standard deviation @40oC:
X
|
Mean
|
X - Mean
|
Standard deviation
|
1.63
|
1.62
|
0.01
|
0.014
|
1.62
|
1.62
|
0
|
0.014
|
1.61
|
1.62
|
-0.01
|
0.014
|
%Sr = 
= 
%
= %
If the percentage is less than 2% than the results are precise.
Calculating standard deviation @100oC:
X
|
Mean
|
X - Mean
|
Standard deviation
|
1.07
|
1.077
|
0.007
|
0.0057
|
1.08
|
1.077
|
0.003
|
0.0057
|
1.08
|
1.077
|
0.003
|
0.0057
|
%Sr = = 
%
= %
If the percentage is less than 2% than the results are precise.
iii.
Discussion:
The previous test were done to identify which unknown petroleum
sample we had by comparing the results we got with the reference we had from
the literature search, for our unknown sample what made it clear for us to
figure out it was; pour point, cloud point, flash point and the API gravity.
These tests were chosen because the results obtained were
significant than the other tests, for other tests most of the samples results
were close, For example, the Refractive index for all of the sample were almost
the same and that wouldn’t help in finding which unknown we have.
Comparing between our sample and the reference we didn’t get a pour
point nor a cloud point because the test was made on a temperature of -34o
C and Jet fuel from the reference (Appendix 1) has a pour and cloud point on
less temperature than that around -40o C.
There is also the API gravity; our results was 48.9o and
comparing it with the reference (Appendix 1) I have I can see all the samples
have much lower API but only one with 41.8o which is also the Jet
fuel.
And one of the many tests we made, that will help us in determining
the unknown is the flash point; the first ignition we saw from our sample it
was on a temperature of 46o C, both Jet Fuel and gas oil are near
that flash point temperature but the closest is Jet Fuel. (Appendix 1)
We faced one issue to measure the time on the viscosity test, our
sample was made on 40oC and 100oC and it was very quick
and by checking our reference we know that all the viscosity of Jet fuel was
measure on a temperature below -20oC, the solution is that the test
was made on these temperatures to be able to calculate the Viscosity Index,
unfortunately we can’t find that because of the low results we ended up with
and to calculate the viscosity index we need a Kinematic Viscosity over than 2
cSt.
Fossil fuels have a major impact on our environment, when burnt the
exhaust is CO2 which effects nature by increasing the global warming
rate and damaging our ozone layer but, throughout the years other alternatives
were discovered. Researchers are working on developing biodiesel which is made
from corn and soy beans now it can run cars and truck and soon in the future it
will be replacing jet fuel as well when it can adapt to very low temperatures.
iv.
Conclusion:
It was identified that the unknown we are dealing with is Jet Fuel,
since it has almost the same results that we found in the literature search.
In appendix 1 we can find that the API gravity on jet fuel is 41.8o and our result was 48.9o
which proves that with the increase of API gravity the lighter the sample and
jet fuel is very light since it’s Light Kerosene.
The flash point of our sample happened on 46oC and it
was very quick and from the reference we have it prove that the jet fuel is the
nearest one between all the other petroleum products.
Finally what made us sure that our sample in Jet Fuel is the pour
and cloud point, all the other unknowns’ froze under a temperature of -34oC
and our sample didn’t, which is one of the main characteristics of Jet Fuel
that it shouldn’t freeze since it’s running on very cold temperatures and low
pressure.
References
Classification of Gas
Oil. (n.d.). Engineering ToolBox. Retrieved May 14, 2013, from
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/classification-gas-oil-d_165.html
Fossil Fuel. (n.d.). ScienceDaily.
Retrieved May 14, 2013, from www.sciencedaily.com/articles/f/fossil_fuel.htm
Gas oil - definition of
gas oil by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia.. (n.d.). Dictionary,
Encyclopedia and Thesaurus - The Free Dictionary. Retrieved May 14, 2013,
from http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gas+oil
Gear oil - Wikipedia,
the free encyclopedia. (2013, April 13). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Retrieved May 14, 2013, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear_oil
Researchers working on
alternative jet fuel - Business - Oil & energy | NBC News. (2006, June 19).
Breaking News & Top Stories - World News, US & Local | NBC News.
Retrieved May 14, 2013, from
http://www.nbcnews.com/id/13427343/ns/business-oil_and_energy/t/researchers-working-alternative-jet-fuel/#.UZHWzaKeOHc
The Energy Story -
Chapter 8: Fossil Fuels - Coal, Oil and Natural Gas . (n.d.). Energy Quest
Room. Retrieved May 12, 2013, from
http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/story/chapter08.html
Transformer Insulating
Oil and Types of Transformer Oil | Electrical Engineering. (n.d.). Electrical
Engineering | This is an online electrical engineering study site.
Retrieved May 14, 2013, from
http://www.electrical4u.com/transformer-insulating-oil-and-types-of-transformer-oil/
Turbine oil. (2006,
March 15). Finalube. Retrieved May 14, 2013, from
www.finalube.com/Product_Data_Files/Fina_Branded_PDF_Files/turbine_oils.pdf
Types of jet fuel.
(n.d.). Avionics and instruments|aircraft cabin glass cleaners.
Retrieved May 14, 2013, from http://www.alglas.com/jet_fuel.htm
APA formatting by
BibMe.org.
Good refection and writings + organization!!
ReplyDeleteNice job!
G